Первые подобия подков для лошадей появились в III—IV вв. нашей эры. Ранее их роль играли приспособления на основе волокон растений и ремней из кожи, которые не могли обеспечить животному качественную защиту.
Распространение коневодства привело к развитию ковочного ремесла и высокой оценке мастеров, занимающихся изготовлением подков. Современные подковы подразделяются на множество видов, учитывающих породу, сферу назначения и состояние копыт. Но зачем лошадям подковы, если их дикие собратья в природе справляются без этих приспособлений?
Зачем подковывают лошадей?
На целине крепости копыт достаточно, чтобы ноги коня были защищены. В диких условиях лошади передвигаются без груза, выбирают более удобную дорогу, обходят препятствия и заостренные камни. Повышенная активность и жизнь на свободе стимулируют укрепление рогового покрытия на копытах.
Одомашненные лошади ограничены в передвижении, их физическая активность понижена, в результате чего плотность рогового слоя уменьшается, он быстрее стирается. Кони часто передвигаются по твердым и грубым поверхностям (брусчатка, асфальт), перенося на себе значительный вес. Роговая защита на копытах не успевает отрастать и компенсировать стирание.
Тонкий защитный слой уязвим для заостренных камней, в нем могут образовываться трещины, забивающиеся грязью и микробами. Ткани ноги воспаляются, животному становится больно передвигаться, появляется хромота. В запущенных случаях конь может полностью отказаться от передвижения.
Подковы выполняют функцию своеобразной обуви для скакуна, защищая его ноги от травм. Кованая лошадь может преодолевать большие расстояния по различным типам местности, не нанося вреда копытам. На обледеневшей дороге и мокрой траве подковы помогают животному избежать скольжения. Эти приспособления также помогают корректировать деформированные и травмированные копыта. Спортивные скакуны улучшают свой бег и легче проходят препятствия с правильно установленными подковами.
Что представляет собой подкова?
Современные виды подков различны по форме, толщине, материалу и назначению. Самые простые модели создаются из низкоуглеродной стали, поддаются корректировке в горячем и холодном состоянии. На переднюю пару конечностей устанавливаются округлые подковы, для задней подбираются более вытянутые модели, повторяющие природное строение копыт.
Обычная подкова — пластина выгнутой формы, снабженная отверстиями. Это приспособление состоит из следующих элементов:
- г
воздевой дорожки; - отверстий под шипы;
- зацепа или отворота — небольшого выступа, расположенного вертикально на передней стороне полотна;
- ветвей (наружной и внутренней) — участков полотна, проходящих от пятки до зацепа;
- пяток — округлых концов ветвей;
- верхней поверхности, прилегающей к копыту;
- наружной поверхности, соприкасающейся с грунтом;
- гвоздевых отверстий;
- наружного и внутреннего боковых краев;
- шипов — дополнительных приспособлений для лучшего сцепления с проблемными типами грунта.
Полотно состоит из трех частей — боковой, зацепной и задней. Прилегающая к рогу поверхность имеет внутреннюю и внешнюю зоны. На наружную часть опирается копыто, поэтому она должна быть максимально ровной и большей по площади. Неровные или криво расположенные ветви будут препятствовать плотному соединению полотна и копыта, что приведет к дисбалансу нагрузки и деформации рогового слоя.
Горизонтальная нижняя поверхность имеет гвоздевую дорожку (продольную выемку вблизи наружной кромки). Этот элемент позволяет углубить шляпки гвоздей и препятствует их быстрому стиранию. Вид и расположение гвоздевых отверстий очень важны для правильной ковки и безопасного передвижения животного. Гвозди, забитые в неправильно расположенные отверстия, могут повредить ткани ноги под роговицей. В соответствии с размером изделия отверстий может быть 6, 8 или 12. Они приближены к зацепу на передних подковах, а на задних смещены к пятке. Форма и величина отверстий должна соответствовать размеру гвоздевой шейки.
Средняя подкова имеет ширину в 22 мм и толщину в 8 мм. Размеры подков разделены на 13 рангов, определяющихся габаритами ветвей, расстоянием между пятками, шириной наиболее выпуклой части, толщиной и весом. Продаются такие приспособления парами.
Виды подков
Все многообразие подков объединяется в три вида — спортивные, стандартные и ортопедические. Каждая группа включает различные модификации, предназначенные для определенных целей.
Спортивный тип подков применяется для лошадей, принимающих участие в конкурсах, скачках и многоборье. Изготавливаются такие модели из пружинной стали, алюминия и сплавов, имеющих высокую прочность и малый вес. Вид соревнований определяет вес и форму подков, которые будут установлены на скакуна. В скачках обычно применяют модели весом до 120 г, а для многоборья подходят изделия с массой 180—200 г, бортиком и утолщениями в нижней части.
Стандартным типом подковываются рабочие лошади. Вес моделей составляет 200—720 г и зависит от размера. В комплекте идут съемные шипы — закругленные, небольшого размера для лета и длинные и острые для зимнего периода. Подковы могут изготавливаться в заводских условиях или коваться в частном порядке кузнецами.
Ортопедическая группа изготавливается из пластика, стали и алюминия, имеет различные конструкции. Форма изделия зависит от типа травмы и состояния копыта, поэтому каждый набор подков подбирается в индивидуальном порядке. Эти приспособления помогают облегчить боль при движении, ускорить заживление и выровнять ход.
Внешне ортопедические изделия похожи на сандалии с пружинными креплениями и ремешками, выполненными из пластика. Отсутствие гвоздей в креплении позволяет быстро и легко заменить защитные приспособления. Стоят такие модели довольно дорого и не каждый заводчик лошадей может себе их позволить. Более дешевые варианты, которые также создаются из пластика, крепятся при помощи небольших гвоздей или клея и имеют стандартный для подковы вид.
Ковка и замена
Для проведения подковки потребуются следующие инструменты:
- крючок;
- молоток ковочный;
- ключ шиповой;
- обсечка;
- клещи копытные;
- рашпиль копытный с насечками двух видов;
- ножик копытный с загнутым концом;
- лапа.
Гвозди для крепежа (ухнали) отличаются особой формой штифта и головки, подразделяются на шесть размерных категорий. Их длина составляет 45−70 мм. Ухнали одноразовые и непригодны для вторичного использования. Если животное слишком нервное или пугливое, то для ковки может понадобиться специальный станок.
Этапы процесса
Промежуток времени между ковками зависит от нагрузки коня и скорости естественного восстановления рогового слоя. Обычно такая процедура проводится каждый месяц, но спортивные скакуны подковываются чаще. Для учебной верховой езды, гладких и барьерных скачек будет достаточно передних подков. Животным, участвующим в конкурсах и многоборье, требуется полный комплект на четыре конечности. Если домашняя лошадь редко передвигается по твердой дороге, то ее можно содержать без подков.
Для правильной и качественной ковки требуется соблюдение следующих этапов:
- снятие отслуживших подков;
- очистка копыт от мусора и грязи;
- проведение замеров;
- подгонка и закрепление подков.
Для подковывания потребуется находчивость, запас терпения и хорошая физическая подготовка, чтобы удержать крупное и подвижное животное. Процесс ковки наиболее строптивых скакунов может растянуться на долгое время. Сначала нужно поочередно приподнять ноги коня и постучать молотком по копытам. На второй день можно подковать одну или две ноги, а на третий — закончить ковку оставшихся конечностей. Процесс ковки включает следующие шаги:
- Нога лошади приподнимается, при помощи крючка вычищается грязь и мусор из подковы. На этом этапе важно очистить подкову для удобства ее снятия, тщательная чистка не требуется.
Край изношенной подковы захватывается клещами и резко отрывается с гвоздями от копыта.- Копытным ножом счищаются оставшиеся загрязнения и срезается отросший слой роговицы по всей площади копыта.
- Поверхность обтачивается и выравнивается рашпилем. Необходимо добиться ровной плоскости, особое внимание нужно уделить кромкам.
- Предыдущие этапы повторяются с остальными копытами.
- Новая подкова примеряется к обработанному копыту. Для подгонки используется молоток и металлическая наковальня.
- Подогнанная подкова снова примеряется к копыту. Если зазоров нет, то ее можно начинать прибивать. Ухнали забиваются под прямым углом к поверхности поочередно на противоположных сторонах, концы выходят наружу через копытный рог. Нервные окончания в роговице отсутствуют, поэтому для животного процедура безболезненна.
- Кончики ухналей, выступающие из роговицы, загибаются в сторону нижнего края копыт. Зацеп плотно подгоняется к основанию. Важно крепко зафиксировать подкову, чтобы она не смещалась при движении. Если присутствуют сдвиги, придется снимать ее и крепить заново.
- Подготавливается специальная полуметровая подставка в виде толстой металлической трубки. При работе с передней парой копыт ее размещают перед грудью лошади, для обработки задней пары — у брюха. Нога скакуна размещается на подставке, при помощи обсечки удаляются острые концы ухналей.
- Копыто обтачивается рашпилем, кромки сравниваются с подковой.
Отверстия под шипы можно просверлить самостоятельно на этапе подгонки, если они отсутствуют. Пара штук размещается рядом с зацепом, два других — у пятки. Размер отверстий подбирается под диаметр ножек шипов.
В готовых отверстиях нужно нарезать резьбу, а затем вкрутить шипы. Приспособления с шипами должны устанавливаться на все конечности, иначе конь будет испытывать дискомфорт и может получить травму при беге.
Для ковки нужны определенные навыки и знания, неумелая обработка и подгонка может навредить животному. Лучше доверить подковывание профессионалу или же работать под его руководством.
Внимание, только СЕГОДНЯ!
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Currently it looks like Movable Type is the preferred blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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At this time it sounds like Drupal is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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At this time it seems like Expression Engine is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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Right now it sounds like WordPress is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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Can I simply say what a comfort to discover an individual who actually understands what they are talking about over the internet. You certainly realize how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people have to check this out and understand this side of the story. I was surprised that you’re not more popular given that you definitely have the gift.
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Aw, this was an extremely good post. Finding the time and actual effort to create a really good article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and don’t seem to get anything done.
Currently it seems like WordPress is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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Right now it looks like Movable Type is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
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At this time it sounds like WordPress is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
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Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
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At this time it looks like Movable Type is the preferred blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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At this time it looks like WordPress is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
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Currently it looks like Drupal is the top blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Outstanding quest there. What occurred after? Thanks!
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Aw, this was a very nice post. Taking the time and actual effort to create a really good article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a lot and never seem to get nearly anything done.
At this time it looks like Drupal is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Aw, this was a really good post. Taking the time and actual effort to make a great article… but what can I say… I hesitate a whole lot and don’t manage to get anything done.
Right now it sounds like Drupal is the preferred blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Right now it looks like WordPress is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Right now it seems like WordPress is the preferred blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Wow that was strange. I just wrote an extremely long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Regardless, just wanted to say wonderful blog!
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Wow that was strange. I just wrote an really long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Regardless, just wanted to say superb blog!
At this time it appears like Expression Engine is the top blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Right now it sounds like BlogEngine is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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May I simply just say what a comfort to find someone that actually understands what they’re talking about over the internet. You definitely understand how to bring a problem to light and make it important. More people ought to look at this and understand this side of the story. It’s surprising you are not more popular since you surely have the gift.
Wow that was strange. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Regardless, just wanted to say superb blog!
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Wow that was odd. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say excellent blog!
Greate article. Keep posting such kind of information on your page. Im really impressed by your site.
At this time it appears like Movable Type is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Aw, this was a really good post. Taking the time and actual effort to generate a good article… but what can I say… I put things off a whole lot and don’t seem to get nearly anything done.
Right now it sounds like Expression Engine is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
Right now it seems like BlogEngine is the preferred blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Excellent pieces. Keep posting such kind of information on your page. Im really impressed by your blog.
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
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At this time it looks like Expression Engine is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
At this time it sounds like Drupal is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
Right now it appears like Movable Type is the top blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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Greate article. Keep writing such kind of information on your page. Im really impressed by your site.
Aw, this was an extremely nice post. Finding the time and actual effort to make a superb article… but what can I say… I hesitate a whole lot and don’t seem to get nearly anything done.
Right now it sounds like Expression Engine is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
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Right now it sounds like BlogEngine is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
I’m not sure why but this weblog is loading very slow for me. Is anyone else having this problem or is it a issue on my end? I’ll check back later and see if the problem still exists.
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Aw, this was a very good post. Spending some time and actual effort to create a top notch article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and never seem to get anything done.
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say wonderful blog!
Currently it looks like Movable Type is the top blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything. I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Aw, this was a really nice post. Spending some time and actual effort to generate a great article… but what can I say… I put things off a lot and don’t manage to get nearly anything done.
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Currently it looks like WordPress is the top blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
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Right now it appears like BlogEngine is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
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My programmer is trying to convince me to move to .net from PHP. I have always disliked the idea because of the expenses. But he’s tryiong none the less. I’ve been using Movable-type on a variety of websites for about a year and am concerned about switching to another platform. I have heard great things about blogengine.net. Is there a way I can transfer all my wordpress posts into it? Any kind of help would be greatly appreciated!
Currently it looks like WordPress is the preferred blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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At this time it appears like Movable Type is the preferred blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
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Hello would you mind sharing which blog platform you’re working with? I’m looking to start my own blog in the near future but I’m having a tough time deciding between BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution and Drupal. The reason I ask is because your design seems different then most blogs and I’m looking for something completely unique. P.S Sorry for getting off-topic but I had to ask!
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Right now it looks like Movable Type is the best blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
At this time it seems like Movable Type is the preferred blogging platform available right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you are using on your blog?
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Hey! I know this is kind of off topic but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this site? I’m getting tired of WordPress because I’ve had problems with hackers and I’m looking at alternatives for another platform. I would be awesome if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.